POVERTY REGIME
Poor country is a designation country that the citizen is majoring poor. Indonesia is classified as poor country. Although, Indonesia natural assets is very large.
The big mistakes of the Indonesia forestry exactly caused by the in a capable of the government regime who organized the natural assets in the shore, sea and the earth for citizen importance. The structural poverty continuously caused by bad governance.
The development in every sector as away to repair the citizen life to make it equated by other world citizen has started since the regime replacement in 1960’s. President Soeharto (1967-1998) has applied the development based on the exploitation of natural assets on large scale. The development run for paying obligation, The Soekarno’s regime to left foreign obligation about US$ 2 billion in 1966.
The government replacement regime doesn’t repair the citizen’s prosperous condition. The bad behavior of the state administration is getting visible. The collusion, corruption and nepotism of a regime by regime still continuously. The development fund corruption from obligation sources and the results has caused the Indonesian’s obligation in every ten years getting increased. It’s almost US$ 150 billion.
When the world economic evaluated the world citizen poverty by the consumption power about US$ 2 every person in a day, 48.8 % Indonesia citizen including as poor. The BPS by sampling count survey, Indonesia poor citizen amount is about 30% in the same year, while by using world poor index, Suharto (2006) said 60% of Indonesia citizen were poor.
Poor in Forest and Sea
Long time before the colonial domination era, in archipelagos region most of the citizen rely the live hood from the natural assets off shore and on shore, so when the new state born after the colonial. Indonesia is stressed on the natural assets management to the agrarian and maritime power (economic, politic, social and culture). Indonesia which is agrarian and maritime in the same time is continuously till now.
The Indonesia victory as an agrarian and maritime country in the same time never proved seriously by government regime from period by period. The agrarian and maritime development are not head for citizen prosperity that is not most of them still live rely on agriculture, forestry and fishery shore and on shore. Farmers and fisherman as central agrarian and maritime state became laborer in agrarian and maritime sector, because there is no guarantee of rights and access agrarian and maritime, agrarian policy including forestry and maritime. Almost 40 years is only gave a widely chance for industrial development based on natural assets. The Green Revolution and Blue Revolution are only a government jargon which is making the lower citizen as more poor.
Farmers become poor in the forest. The width Indonesia forestry region is almost 143 millions hectare, the consequence of the management and permission to open the forestry and mining industrial. Forest farmer which is grouping in indigenous and local community are not force full, since the main forestry assembling No.5 Year 1967 (now, No. 41 Years 1999), they are not guaranteed for participating in forestry management, whereas they daily live such as beneficial the forest as wood sources, plant medicine, honey, fruits, plant rice and others are very depend to the forest directly.
The policy that is arranging the forest farmer importance in Indonesian forestry history has never been launched. Forest farmer community of Padang Cermin, South Lampung since they suggest Betung Mountain region to community management region, the citizen is always obtain rejection since 1980 by the territory and central government (Forestry Department of Indonesia).
In Java Island, a forest farmer has only 0.2 hectare area, whereas the minimum wide to fulfillment the live hood per family in Java need 0.5 hectare (Awang, 2006).
In fact, farmer community group in Kidul Mountain, Yogyakarta define the poverty in forest is “poor people is not because they don’t have rice, but the poor people is not wits in fulfillment their house live hood because there is no yield guarantee -the yield guarantee to the forest area.
Out of Java, sometime forest farmer is exile from forest area. 62 years of Indonesia Independence, the forest farmers in indigenous community has “relocation” treatment, they are isolated from real life. From the last data that is monitored by social forestry net in Indonesia, there are about 1.800 villages that is bordering with 14 conservations areas in five Indonesia big islands.
Frequently, the open conflicts between farmer and forest ranger rising into early 2000’s. The exile of Manggarai community groups in Nusatenggara from forest area, how the farmer coffee land and crop were destroy. Consider get into the forest conservation area, Lore Lindu who community in indigenous people group of Middle Sulawesi has been “resettlement” few times. The fields of Kontu community, Muna, South East Sulawesi burnt by forest ranger and local government because of their teak’s main trees, so the hereditary area processed by them as a conservation area that supervision under forestry department and local government. Many others resettlement done with other reasons. The forest farmer became poor in the forest.
The fisherman poor in ocean. Indonesia maritime marked by Indonesia sea shore border until 81.000 km. It’s indicating that Indonesia has 67.439 coastal villages (41 million of Indonesia coastal citizens are fisherman and ocean farmer). Because of the maritime development don’t supported them, less than 9.261 coastal villages are poor.
The poverty in coast area has been carry out for long time, like Sopuan (he who 66 years old is Semarang fisherman) said, “Actually the fisherman worked very hard, but still poor! We don’t want to be lazy. According to me, the entire fishermen are poor in almost every island that I had been visit! I’m a stupid fisherman, but is the government stupid also! Whereas Indonesia has very rich in natural assets.”
Indonesia fisherman is a traditional fisherman. The fish caught is appropriate with the astronomy to see the season exchange without following the development of modern technology. The fisherman poverty happened as what they said “poor fisherman is a fisherman who its life is in danger because of low income. No access to the natural assets and fair production. Their basic rights are also unfulfilled as a community and prestige society” – recommendation of fisherman’s meeting over the Middle Java, Semarang 2003).
Others problem, most all nomadic indigenous community who live long the coast of Indonesia and neighbor countries, mostly assumed as uneducated and poor. The boat people or more known as Bajau community forced move to the shore in ending poverty program. Those programs just only make them more isolated from the real life. Fisherman became poor in the ocean.
Green Fund (Debt and Grant)
Current issues in many countries under United Nations lately about how to limit the global warming and nature change (environment) has develop of new fund (Obligation and Grant) from rich countries for poor countries. This fund will be getting in from carbon selling scheme –carbon offset by burning machine activities with fossil fuel that caused the green house effect as the main factor of global warming.
Looking from the past, the collusion, corruption and nepotism culture is not gone yet makes this green fund is tendency to be corrupt. Although this fund is international political and economical tools in founding the new way to dominate of the world geo-politics after the main world oil diminish – World Bank produced less than 10 global carbon funds worth US$ 10 billion from sixteen governments and sixty four private companies. Indonesia selected REDD scheme for this.
CARBON WAY
The compensation of REDD adaptation (emission reduction from deforestation avoiding for developing countries are very interesting).
With 144 billion rupiah to organize UN Climate Change in Bali, in a week on December 2007, Indonesia is hoping to have profit until 33,75 trillion rupiah per year to keep forest area next (Antara, 2007).
This profit is not less for Indonesia, even before Rahmat Witoelar, Nabil Makarim as ministry for environment at Megawati’s government had prediction that Indonesia will have profit until US$18 million per year by only keep the forest at Gunung Leuser National Park, North Sumatra from damage. And unfortunately, era Indonesia at the time didn’t immediately ratificate the Kyoto Protocol (1997). If the Kyoto Protocol had been ratification from the first, Indonesia will be keeping their forest.
Mediocre
The government and our people which are have “inlanders” mental, think that 33,75 trillions rupiah per year can help Indonesia free from all development problem (deficit APBN/national budget development plan, poverty, unemployed, corruption, nepotism, environment damage and etc). Even clearly things for example “exploitation” forest assets, mine and mineral is for paying the obligation and Indonesia development since 1967 bigger than estimation value REDD adaptation, can’t make this country released from developing problem and the effects.
Rocky Gerung is not wrong to think that Indonesian leader as “mediocre” this time – mediocre as low ability, value, quality, or performance, source: Meriam Webster—in Maria Hartiningsih interview with him, at daily Kompas Newspaper a few time ago. The environment ministerial administrator and Indonesian delegation for UN Climate Change is proper called “mediocre”.
Geopolitics
If remember about “Silk Way” that is introduced by Germany geographer, Ferdinand von Richtofen, in early 19th century, the phenomenon trade carbon will make “Carbon Way”.
The domination of geopolitics “Silk Way” by big country player silk production like India, China, Rome, Persian, and Arabian felt in every part of the world. Especially for small country, intervention global trade created new civilization change.
The authority of geopolitics “Carbon Way” that is included in one of framework trapped on UN Climate Change. It can be geopolitics strategy duplication “Silk Way”. The big player is China, USA, France, Germany, Japan, Australia, United Kingdom of Britannia, and other countries (Annex I). Poor countries that tantalize by money as payment to keep their forest in South has been imagine what will be like. The political and economic poor countries policy (South countries) will be arrange by North countries, including Indonesia.
The Poor Position
See from the explanation before, the poverty in Indonesia is a structural poverty. That is caused by bad governance. Without repaired policy on living space and natural assets for society importance, any schemas help to increase the poverty will be face the same problem as in the past.
The necessary attitude that has to be taken in fund scheme contex (Obligation and Grant) by carbon way for Indonesia poverties:
- Reject the carbon way fund scheme in obligation will be adding foreign obligation amount of Indonesia which is almost US$ 150 billion (the limit of ratio tolerance income is 40% and Indonesia’s obligation has been four time larger because the government has to carried private obligation about 160%).
- Reject the carbon way scheme that will implement by private in “green services” projects. Private company careless to see the social rules and culture in surrounding area of forest and maritime which carbon sink project done, bad corporate governance often happen and violated the human rights in society such as intimidation, terror, and social intervention in their life where the private projects being done.
- Based on the grant fund of carbon way in poverty’s solution of Indonesia. Carbon way grant fund only focused on safety green area in the forest and ocean which is careless about social environment surrounding. To keep the society from their more poverty life.
- Accept the carbon way grant in condition that the grant is used for repair and develop natural assets policy which is make it faster to be acknowledgement the people’s rights and community access in natural assets which this time has been the main problem of poverty in Indonesia.
- All the carbon way grant have to control and monitoring by “buyer” and “seller” countries which is participate and multistakeholders approachs (inter country consortium). So buyer countries have full responsibility (including the payment) on save this planet project and to minized user deviated.
(0 vote)